Weight Loss, Bariatric & Metabolic Surgery

Upper Gastrointestinal, Oesophageal & Stomach Surgery

Cancer Screening, Endoscopy / Gastroscopy & Colonoscopy

Keyhole and General Surgery

Emergency and Acute Care Surgery

Oesophageal Cancer Treatment

Dr. Tan Chun Hai

Dr. Tan Chun Hai

Upper Gastrointestinal Specialist, Dual Fellowship Trained Surgeon
MBBS (Melbourne), Masters of Medicine (Surgery), FRCS (Edinburgh), FAMS (General Surgery)

Introduction

What is oesophageal cancer?

The oesophagus, also known as the gullet, is a hollow tube that extends from the throat to the stomach, serving the primary function of transporting food.

Oesophageal cancer occurs when malignant tumours form anywhere in the lining of the oesophagus. As the cancer progresses, it can spread outwards and affect the deep tissues and muscles of the oesophagus.

Delayed treatment may lead oesophageal cancer to become a terminal illness.

The 2 most common types of oesophageal cancer are:

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

This form of oesophageal cancer usually occurs in the middle to upper part of the gullet, though they can appear anywhere. They grow from the flat and thin cells that make up the lining of the oesophagus.

Adenocarcinoma

This form of cancer usually starts in the lower part of the oesophagus, closer to the stomach. They develop from glandular cells, which make and release substances such as mucus and digestive juices.

Oesophageal cancer risk factors

Several factors can increase the risk of developing oesophageal cancer, including:

  • Chronic Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Persistent acid reflux can lead to Barrett’s oesophagus, a condition that heightens the risk of oesophageal cancer.
  • Smoking and Alcohol Consumption: The combined use of these habits increases the risk of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
  • Diet and Obesity: Diets low in fruits and vegetables and high in processed meats, along with obesity.
  • Achalasia and HPV: Certain medical conditions like achalasia and infections such as HPV are also linked to higher risks.

Recognise the symptoms of oesophageal cancer

Early detection is crucial for successful treatment. Be aware of the following symptoms and consult a healthcare provider if you experience:

  • Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
  • Unintentional and unexplained weight loss
  • Persistent chest pain or discomfort
  • Chronic cough or hoarseness
  • Frequent heartburn or indigestion

How is oesophageal cancer diagnosed?

The methods for diagnosing oesophageal cancer include:

  1. Endoscopy/oesophagoscopy
    This procedure involves inserting a flexible tube with a camera (endoscope) down the throat. This allows the doctor to visually examine the lining of the oesophagus for abnormalities and signs of irritation.
  2. Barium swallow
    In this X-ray imaging test, the patient swallows a barium solution, which coats the lining of the oesophagus. This makes it easier for the doctor to see the oesophagus on X-ray images and identify any issues.
  3. Biopsy
    During an endoscopy, the doctor can take a tissue sample from any suspicious areas. This sample is then sent to a laboratory for testing to determine if cancer cells are present.
  4. Imaging tests
    CT scans, PET scans, and MRIs are used to check if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. These imaging techniques provide detailed pictures to help with staging and treatment planning.

At higher risk or notice symptoms of oesophageal cancer? Get a further evaluation with our specialist today.

For emergencies after clinic hours, head to Gleneagles Urgent Care centre (UCC) and request for Dr. Tan Chun Hai.

Treatment Options

Treatment for oesophageal cancer

The treatment for oesophageal cancer depends on the cancer’s stage, type, and location, as well as factors such as age, overall health, and personal preferences. The three primary treatment options are surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
Surgery
Surgery is one of the primary treatment options for oesophageal cancer and includes the following procedures:
  • Endoscopic Surgery: For early-stage cancers, an endoscopic resection can be performed. This minimally invasive procedure removes superficial tumours along with a small margin of surrounding healthy tissue.
  • Oesophagectomy: This surgery involves removing the portion of the oesophagus that contains the tumour along with nearby lymph nodes. The remaining oesophagus is then reconnected to the stomach.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy uses drugs to rid off cancer cells and shrink tumours. It can be administered alone or in combination with radiation therapy, either before or after surgery. For patients not suitable for surgery, chemotherapy is the primary treatment option. The drugs are delivered intravenously or orally, allowing them to circulate throughout the body. Multiple sessions are usually required.
Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams to destroy cancer cells. It can be delivered externally (external beam radiation) or internally (brachytherapy). Radiation therapy is often combined with chemotherapy and can be used before or after surgery. It is also used to relieve symptoms in advanced stages, such as when a tumour obstructs food passage.

Summary

Effective treatment for oesophagal cancer involves a multidisciplinary approach tailored to each patient’s specific situation. Early detection and a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy may significantly improve outcomes and quality of life for patients.

For more information or to discuss your treatment options, contact us today.

20+ Years of Clinical Experience

Dr Tan Chun Hai (陈俊海医生)

Upper Gastrointestinal, Bariatric & General Surgeon

Endoscopy & Minimally-Invasive Surgery Specialist

Dr. Tan Chun Hai is a dual fellowship-trained specialist in laparoscopic (keyhole) stomach cancer surgery and Bariatric & Metabolic surgery. His clinical expertise includes the use of minimally invasive surgical techniques for stomach-related disorders, Gallstones, Appendicitis and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.

Dr. Tan also specialises in performing endoscopies/gastroscopies and colonoscopies. When applicable, Dr. Tan provides same-day treatment within a few hours of diagnosis. Dr. Tan subscribes to a less invasive practice, promoting less postoperative pain and shorter hospital stays.

Have a concern?

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